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And of Clay Are We Created

In And of Clay are We Created, the creator utilizes Acuzena to show Rolf how they are indistinguishable, and show how everybody has their own dirt they are covered in. The creator, Isabel Allende, composed this story in the wake of seeing an occasion like this on the news in 1985. In the story, when Rolf discovers Acuzena caught in mud, he sees significantly more. This young lady is caught with no chance to get out. No expectation. All he needs is a siphon to save her yet nobody will bring one. It makes him see himself in her, caught in recollections, caught in the past.We are completely covered by something. Rolf was covered by recollections of the war and what it did to his family, the fury of his dad, and his blame for the demise of his sister. Everybody has relics of past times that shield us from proceeding onward, the way that Acuzena was held by the assemblages of her siblings and sisters, which shielded her from being pulled out of the mess. The creator was attempting to give us how throughout everyday life, there will consistently be torrential slides. We are only liable for the manner in which we manage them.The title, And of Clay are We Created, implies that we as a whole will have encounters all through life, however we can be changed from it. It can likewise be an otherworldly reference to God making from dirt and afterward they finished shrouded in mud. The story truly shows how somebody can go as long as they can remember avoiding something that they will never escape from until they uncover in and climb. It additionally shows how Rolf imagined that he had abandoned his past, yet it reemerged in this experience. He needed to come to understand that his solitary way out of this was to acknowledge demise as Acuzena did at long last.

Derealization Disorder Symptoms

Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder Symptoms Phobias Print Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder Symptoms By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 24, 2019 Aleli Dezmen/Getty Images More in Phobias Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Types In This Article Table of Contents Expand Dissociative Disorders Symptoms Causes and Risk Factors Diagnosis   Treatment View All Back To Top Depersonalization/derealization disorder is a mental health condition that can cause a person to experience either a persistent or recurring feeling of being outside of their body (depersonalization) or a sense that whats happening around them isnt real (derealization) or both. Its one of four types of  dissociative disorders, diagnosable conditions in which theres a fragmented sense of identity, memories, and/or consciousness. The hallmark of these conditions is an involuntary disconnection from reality. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), about half of adults have had a disassociative episode in their lives, but only around 2 percent of people meet the criteria for being diagnosed with the disorder. Women are more likely than men to experience depersonalization/ derealization or some other type of disassociative occurrence. A diagnosis of depersonalization/derealization disorder can be upsetting and confusing initially, but once you understand that the symptoms youre experiencing (some of which may have you wondering if youre losing your mind) have a recognizable and reasonable cause and, more important, that psychotherapy and perhaps medication can help, you may begin to feel less worried and anxious. Dissociative Disorders According to the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Health Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), which was published in 2013, the other dissociative conditions are dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue,  and dissociative identity disorder. Unlike psychotic disorders, people with depersonalization/derealization disorder know that their experiences of detachment arent real. Therefore, they may fear that theyre going crazy. Dissociative disorders can lead to depression and anxiety and are believed to be linked to a history of trauma. Symptoms Although depersonalization/derealization disorder is considered to be a single diagnosis, it has two distinct aspects that may or may not apply to one person. Depersonalization means feeling detached from yourself as if youre watching your life take place from the sidelines or youre viewing yourself on a movie screen. You may not feel connected to your body, mind, feelings, or sensations. Some people describe feeling robotic or unable to control speech or movement. You may not be able to attach emotions to memories, or even own your memories as experiences that happened to you. Some people who are dealing with depersonalization experience  alexithymiaâ€"an inability to recognize or describe emotions. There also are potential physical symptomsâ€"the sense that your body and limbs are distortedâ€"swollen or shrunkenâ€"or that your head is wrapped in cotton. You may feel physically numb to sensations. Derealization is a sense of feeling detached from your environment and the objects and other people in it. The world may seem distorted and unreal as if youre observing it through a veil. You may feel as if a glass wall is separating you from people you care about. This aspect of disassociation also can create distortions in vision and other senses. Your surroundings may seem blurry, colorless, two-dimensional, unreal, or larger-than-life or cartoonish. Distance and the size or shape of objects may be distorted, and you also may have a heightened awareness or your surroundings. Very recent events may seem to have happened in the distant past. Causes and Risk Factors Severe stress, anxiety, and depression are common triggers for depersonalization/derealization disorder. Often, people with depersonalization/derealization disorder experienced past trauma in their lives. They might have suffered emotional or physical abuse or neglect in their childhood,  witnessed domestic violence, or had a loved one die unexpectedly.  A lack of sleep or an overstimulating environment can make symptoms worse. Yet, according to Merck Manual, 25 percent to 50 percent of the time the stress that brings on depersonalization/derealization disorder is relatively minor, or not even obvious. Some people are more vulnerable to psychiatric disorders than others. In the case of depersonalization/derealization disorder, the ?Mayo Clinic lists these specific risk factors:   An innate tendency to avoid or deny difficult situations; problems adapting to difficult situationsExperiencing or even witnessing a traumatic event or abuse as a child or as an adult  Severe stress in any area of life, from important relationships to finances to workDepression or anxiety,  especially severe or prolonged depression, or anxiety with panic attacksA history of using recreational drugs, which can trigger episodes of depersonalization or derealization Episodes of depersonalization/derealization disorder can last for hours, days, weeks, or even months. For some, such episodes become chronic, evolving into ongoing feelings of depersonalization or derealization that may periodically get better or worse. How Is Stress Affecting My Health? Diagnosis   In order to zero in on psychiatric diagnosis, a doctor will first make sure there arent other reasons for symptoms, such as drug abuse, a seizure disorder, or other mental health problems. Once other potential problems are ruled out, a clinician will consider criteria from the DSM-5. These include: Criteria for a Diagnosis of Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder: Persistent or recurrent episodes of depersonalization, derealization, or bothAn understanding by a person that what theyre feeling isnt realSignificant distress or impairment of social or occupational functioning caused by symptoms Sometimes imaging and other tests are done to rule out physical problems, especially if symptoms appear after age 40. Psychologic tests and special structured interviews and questionnaires can help to diagnose depersonalization/derealization disorder.   Treatment The most effective way to deal with depersonalization/derealization disorder is with psychotherapy. There are many types of therapy and techniques for treating psychiatric disorders. One thats often used is cognitive-behavioral therapy, which combines strategies for blocking obsessive thinking about feeling things arent real and distraction techniques.   How Cognitive Behavior Therapy Works Grounding techniques call on the senses to help a person feel more in touch with realityâ€"playing loud music to engage hearing, for instance, or holding an ice cube in order to help a person feel connected to the sensation. Other approaches that are sometimes useful for treating depersonalization/derealization disorder are psychodynamic techniques that focus on working through conflicts and negative feelings that people tend to detach from, and moment-to-moment tracking (focusing on whats happening in the moment) along with labeling of dissociation and effect, which teaches people to recognize and identify their feelings of dissociation, according to Merck Manual. There are no medications approved specifically for depersonalization/derealization disorder. Doctors sometimes prescribe anti-anxiety drugs and antidepressants to help assuage symptoms of the condition although none of these will directly treat it.   With targeted, personalized treatment, some people completely recover from depersonalization/derealization disorder. The chances of this are best when the underlying stressors that contributed to and triggered the condition can be successfully dealt with. And for some, recovery takes place organically, without specific treatment. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

We Need to Get Rid of Animal Testing - 742 Words

21st Century In the 21st century I would get rid of animal testing .Animal research has had a vital role in many scientific and medical advances of the past century and continues to aid our understanding of various diseases throughout the world. There are countless reasons why I would personally get rid of animal testing. Just like everything there are advantages and disadvantages. For example the internet is advantageous because you can find useful information about your city, your homework and much more, however it can be used for the wrong use too such as adult sites, online drug dealing and hacking. At this time and age animals are used like slaves placed in captivity in dark, dusty and dirty cells only to be brought and put through cruel ,painful and inhumane tests. It is cruel to put unprotected animals through such experiments. I also believe it is unethical to make animals live life in a lab cage and intentionally put through harm isolation and distress. We all know how bad it is to feel fearful, frightened and terrified. Animal experiments prolong the suffering of people waiting for effective cures by misleading experiments which squander precious money, time and resources that could have been spent on human relative research. This wasteful experiment continuously get in the way of forward-thinking scientist who could have developed more humane, modern cures, not using animal research. Using material’s such as human based research, human patient simulatorsShow MoreRelatedAnimal Testing is Cruel1340 Words   |  5 PagesAll around the globe, animal testing has been the most controversial and frequently debated topic. Animal testing is cruel, however, it has helped us develop and become more advanced in sciences and technology. Below are the points and reasons for and against the motion, discussed to help you pick your side. Issues related to animal experimentation are frequently discussed these days, particularly in the media. It is often said that animals should not be used in testing because it is cruel and unnecessaryRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Animal Testing941 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal testing has been around since 500 BC starting with dissecting animals in ancient greece. French animal testers believed that animals were â€Å"automata† and could not feel pain or emotions. There was no public objections to animal testing until the 19th century when there was an increase of adopting domestic pets. Nowadays public opinion is split down the middle on whether or not animals should be tested on. The animals are generally tested on for cosmetics, health, commercial, biomedical, spaceRead MoreThe Ongoing Issue of Animal Cruelty, Abuse, and Animal Testing1078 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal cruelty is an ongoing issue in today’s society. When we listen to the news and hear about these animals being starved, beaten, and treated poorly our hearts drop and we get a lump in our throat holding back the tears. We see these animals suffer, we see the pain in th eir eyes begging for our help, we want to put an end to this but we fail to see the bigger picture. Animal cruelty is a more severe and extreme than we think it is. Animal cruelty just is not owners beating their pets. AnimalRead MoreAnimal Testing Is Bad1374 Words   |  6 PagesAGAINST ANIMAL TESTING! The question is not, Can they reason? nor, Can they talk? but rather, Can they suffer?   Did you know that over a hundred million animals get injured or die due to animal testing? But when you think about is it actually legal? So the thing is it doesn’t matter what we think because there are people who want themselves to live a better life then the animals and they do experimentation on the animals just so humans can live a better life. AndRead MorePersuasive Essay On Animal Testing1078 Words   |  5 PagesAnimal testing isn’t something that’s new and unheard of, it has been around for centuries. Using animals for research testing is not only being done in the U.S but also all over the world. What many people don’t understand is that these tests don’t just involve cute, little mice and a maze with a block of cheese at the finish line, it is long days of just sitting in a small cage with little food waiting to be chosen for the next terrifying and painful experiment. It is a harmful and cruel way ofRead MoreOver The Past 1500 Years Human Kind Has Used Animals For1485 Words   |  6 Pageskind has used animals for testing and they still use animals for testing today. Most experiments made on animals are for medical and cosmetic purposes. People that are for testing on animals usually argue that we would not be where we are today if we didn’t experiment on animals. Others that are against it say that these experiments and methods weren’t always necessary for everything we have accomplished. Now with all of our modern technology, science, and research do we still need to take trialsRead MoreAnimal Testing Is Inhumane For Diseases, And Development Of Medical Treatments983 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is animal testing? Animal testing is when scientist experiment on animals to find cures for diseases, and development of medical treatments. Many animals die because of this. Majority of people don’t know what they go through and how the process is done. Animal testing is inhumane for th e following: why it is done, how it is done, and when it is done. To begin with, why is it done? Animal testing is done to protect humans from bad products that may hurt them, also to find ways to cure diseasesRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Illegal827 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Testing Should Be Illegal Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, is the use of animals in experiments to test product safety. I believe it is a big problem in our society. Every year at least 2.7 million animals are killed in laboratories in Australia alone and at least thirty-three animals die each second worldwide, due to cruel animal tests. Many companies feel it is okay to test on animals because they are deemed not as physiologically or emotionally complex as humansRead MoreGenetically Modified Organism : An Organism1364 Words   |  6 Pages GMOs today are a great leap to another stage of technology we are still developing and researching†¦ as some people think, but they are not the most essential thing we need today. Injecting chemicals and drugs into food for â€Å"more nutrients† and placing harmful pesticides is not the ideal way of bringing a better cause into our world. These chemicals are then eaten by humans, and what happens after? People get sick. Furthermore, anim als, plants, and our environment are disrupted as well. Also, theseRead MoreThe Ethical Treatment Of Animal Testing1199 Words   |  5 Pagesnot animals such as mice and rats should be experimented on. The organization Psychologist for the Ethical Treatment of Animals believes in observing animals instead of experimenting on them (Meyer). Another known organization is People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA). An organization that is in favor of animal experimentation is called Pro-Test and is located in the United Kingdom (UK). This organization thinks that experimenting on animals may help humans. About 95% of animals are not

Abuse Effects Future Generations By James T. Johnson

Abuse Effects Future Generations This week’s assignment addresses James T. Johnson, a 24 year-old construction worker who lives with his mother. The assignment elaborates on Johnson’s average week. His week consists of making it to work on time, do his work as instructed, and coming home at the end of the day. Every now and then, Johnson will accompany some fellow coworkers who go out on an occasional Friday evening. However, Johnson has a secret in addition to his average week. He burglarizes homes and garages in the neighboring communities. Johnson sells what he steals through the internet or at pawn shops two counties over. The assignment details discusses that this past weekend, Johnson was arrested during a burglary when he entered a home where the home owner was present. Unfortunately due to his actions, Johnson’s mother had to mortgage her home in order to afford bailing him out of jail. Following his mother bailing him out of jail, Johnson’s mother started to berate him on the drive home. She proceeded to state that he has ended up just like his father, a criminal and that the stress of his criminal actions will probably result in his mother dying early. Upon hearing these statements from his mother, James angrily blurted out that it was her fault, that this was the only life he knew because his father never taught him anything worthwhile. Johnson went on to say that his mother and father fought all the time and the main subject of their fights was hisShow MoreRelatedJames Baldwin s Sonny s Blues2994 Words   |  12 PagesINTRODUCTION Sonny, from James Baldwin’s â€Å"Sonny’s Blues,† is portrayed as a sufferer. He struggles with his stagnation in Harlem, his unfulfilled dreams and the disconnect between himself and his only family, his brother. However, not all hope is lost. He serves as a teacher for others, full of knowledge of how one can truly suffer and still triumph (Norton 47). Only when he is finally able to connect with his brother through music, are his â€Å"blues† finally heard and he affirms his individualityRead MoreEssay on The Outdated United States Immigration System2241 Words   |  9 Pagesprovide a far more positive impact on various facets of the United States economy and social situation. The economic impact of such a decision could be solely based on the fact that in accordance with data given by the Migration Policy Institute, â€Å"[T]he Obama administration spent $18 billion on immigration enforcement last year-more than on all other federal law enforcement agencies combined† (Nation Company, 2013). In fact, with the current United States economic default this spending alone providesRead MoreAmerican Revolution and Study Guide Essay example5377 Words   |  22 Pages(10pts) 4. Write your definition of democracy. The use this definition to create a T-chart to analyze the validity of democracy developing in colonial America Pocahontas Anne Hutchinson Benjamin Franklin Royal veto John Rolfe Roger Williams George Whitefield Lord Baltimore William Bradford John Peter Zenger Virtual representation Walter Raleigh John Winthrop Paxton boys James Oglethorpe Puritans Triangular trade First Continental Congress JohnRead MoreEssay about Music, Radio and Teens2934 Words   |  12 PagesStates as its trend has made hip-hop explode everywhere. Hip-Hop comes from the streets using street slang incorporated in the music. Hip-Hop music is rebellious and frightens parents due to the explicit lyrics that it uses. As any type of new generation beat that is rebellious is going to scare a parent. Parents are frightened that if their kids listen to this music it will promote violence, sex, and drugs. Parents need to know that the vibe that teens get from Hip-Hop is just like the vibe ourRead MoreYouth Suicide3237 Words   |  13 Pagesfor successful suicide. Risk Factors Suicidal behaviors are complex and have multiple risk factors. Psychopathology The majority of youth who have completed suicide had significant psychiatric problems, including depressive disorders and substance abuse disorders. Major depression has been the most prevalent condition. The intensity of a person’s suicidal i ntent is associated with a history of depression and anxiety and current stress from a mental disorder (Koutek, Kocourkova, Hladikova HrdlickaRead MoreStronger Internet Privacy Laws Are Unnecessary3382 Words   |  14 Pagesabout anonymity; (b) post a Privacy Policy; and (c) obtain verifiable parental consent before gathering private information from children under 13 years old. In the Liberty action, the FTC was foreshadowing the requirements of a law that went into effect the following year—the Children s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA). Under COPPA, a web site that is principally directed towards children under 13 years old must abide by some very strict rules before gathering personal information fromRead MoreA Study of Aboriginal Youth Gangs3010 Words   |  13 Pagesearly and not all Aboriginal archives were kept; the interviews and legislation were enough for keep the policies from being swept under the carpet from taped media coverage. The start of the decade marked the loss of aboriginal children and a whole generation of culture. 1960: Lost Children The beginning of the 1960’s in American Culture was one of the defining times in its nation. It appeared the citizens had found their voice and where not afraid to use it. Protests, marches and organized groupsRead MoreMarketing Literature Review11908 Words   |  48 Pagessegments, Minorities, Demographic characteristics, Expenditures, Retailers, Market strategy, Apparel stores, Brand names, Salespeople, Statistical data.] 1 Ys in Love. Helene Stapinski, American Demographics, 21 (February 1999), pp. 62–68. [Trends, Generation Y, Traditions, Life choices, Conservative, Early marriages, Computers, Communication, Shopping behavior, Market strategy, Examples.] 2 The Role of Emotions in Marketing. Richard P. Bagozzi, Mahesh Gopinath, and Prashanth U. Nyer, Journal of theRead MoreUnethical Behaviour12228 Words   |  49 Pagesa discussion of the implications of unethical leadership behavior, with attention given to further research foci. The unethical behavior of leaders can be compared to the formation of tornadoes, a â€Å"perfect storm† resulting from the combinative effect of rotating winds, temperature, and atmospheric pressure. Similarly, unethical behavior of leaders occurs when a conflux of factors interact between leaders (rotating winds), followers (colliding hot and cold temperatures), and the situational contextRead MoreA Research Project On Immigration Detention Centers9708 Words   |  39 Pages Immigration Detention Centers, A Haven of Abuse A Research Project Submitted to the Faculty of National University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of: Bachelor of Science in Homeland Security and Emergency Management May 2017 By Hugh H. Scully II Instructor: James Sytsma â€Æ' SENIOR RESEARCH PROJECT APPROVAL FORM I certify that I have read the project of Hugh H. Scully II entitled instructions for the preparation of the Senior Research Project and that, in my opinion;

Financial Environment and Interest Rate and Inflation Free Essays

An Assignment of Business Finance Course Code: FIN -2101 Submitted To: Md. Monzur Morshed Bhuiya Associate Professor Department of Finance Jagannath University, Dhaka. Submitted By: Md. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Environment and Interest Rate and Inflation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mazharul Islam. Group Representative of Finance Interface B. B. A, 3rd Batch (2nd Year, 1st Semester) Session: 2008-2009 Department of Finance Jagannath University, Dhaka. Date of Submission: 25-10-2010 Department of Finance Jagannath University 1|Page 1 Sl. No. Name 01. Md. Mazharul Islam. (Group Representative) 02. Khadizatuz Zohara. Roll No. 091541 091526 Department of Finance Jagannath University 2|Page Table of Contents Sl. No. 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-10 2-11 Contents Problems Yield Curves Yield Curves Inflation and Interest Rate Rate of Interest Real Risk-Free Rate, MRP and DRP Exam-Type Problems Expected Inflation Rate Expected Rate of Interest Expected Rate of Interest Interest Rate Interest Rate Expected Rate of Interest Ending Part Formula and Necessary Illustration for Calculation Summary of the Assignment Page No. 5 6 7 9 10 12 13 14 14 15 16 17 18 Department of Finance Jagannath University 3|Page The Financial Environment: Interest Rates Problems 2-1: Suppose you and most other investors expect the rate of inflation to be 7 percent next year, to fall to 5 percent during the following year, and then to remain at a rate of 3 percent thereafter. Assume that the real risk-free rate, k*, is 2 percent and that maturity risk premium on treasury securities rise from zero on very short-term bonds ( those that mature in few days) by 0. 2 percentage points for each year to maturity, up to a limit of 1. 0 percentage point on five year or longer-term T-bonds. a. Calculate the interest rate on one, two, three, four, five, 10 and 20 year Treasury securities, and Plot the yield curve. . Now suppose IBM, a highly rated company, had bonds with the same- maturities as the Treasury bonds. As an approximation, plot a yield curve for IBM on the same graph with the Treasury bond yield curve, (Hint: Think about the default risk premium on IBM’s long-term versus its short-term bonds. ) c. Now plot the approximate yield curve of Long Island Lighting Company (LILCO), a risky nuclear utility. Solution 2-1: Requirement ‘a’: Expected Annual Inflation Rate 7% 5% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% Real Risk-free Rate (k*) 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% Average Expected Inflation Rate or Inflation Premium (IP) = 7% 1 =7% 2 = (7%+5%) ? 2 = 6% 3 = (12%+3%) ? 3 = 5% 4 = (15%+3%) ? 4 =4. 5% 5 =(18%+3%) ? 5 = 4. 2% 10 =(21%+3%? 5) ? 10=3. 6% 20 =(36%+3%? 10) ? 20=3. 3% Bond Type 1st year bond 2nd year bond 3rd year bond 4th year bond 5th year bond 10th year bond 20th year bond Average Nominal Interest Rate = k* + IP 9% 8% 7% 6. 5% 6. 2% 5. 6% 5. 3% Bond Type 1st year bond 2nd year bond 3rd year bond 4th year bond 5th year bond 10th year bond 20th year bond Maturity Risk Premium (MRP) 0. 2% 0. 2%+0. 2% =0. 4% 0. 4%+0. 2% =0. % 0. 6%+0. 2% =0. 8% 0. 8%+0. 2% =1. 0% 1. 0% 1. 0% Department of Finance Jagannath University 4|Page And Bond Type 1st year bond 2nd year bond 3rd year bond 4th year bond 5th year bond 10th year bond 20th year bond The yield Curve: + 9% + 0. 2% 8% + 0. 4% 7% + 0. 6% 6. 5% + 0. 8% 6. 2% + 1. 0% 5. 6% + 1. 0% 5. 3% + 1. 0% Interest Rate (k) 9. 2% 8. 4% 7. 6% 7. 3% 7. 2% 6. 6% 6. 3% 10. 5 10. 0 9. 5 9. 0 8. 5 Yield (%) 8. 0 7. 5 7. 0 6. 5 6. 0 5. 5 5. 0 0 2 4 6 8 Yield Curve LILCO IBM T – Bonds – Bonds T 10 12 14 16 18 20 Yield of Maturity Requirement ‘b’: The interest rate on the IBM bonds has the same components as the Treasury securities, except that the IBM bonds have default risk, so a default risk premium must be included. Therefore, = * + IP + MRP + DRP For a strong company such as IBM, the default risk premium is virtually zero for short-term bonds. However, as time to maturity increases, the probability of default, although still small, is sufficient to warrant a default premium. Thus, the yield risk curve for the IBM bonds will rise above the yield curve for the Treasury securities. In the graph, the default risk premium was assumed to be 1. 2 percentage points on the 20-year IBM bonds. The return should equal 6. 3% + 1. 2% = 7. 5%. Department of Finance Jagannath University 5|Page Requirement ‘c’: Long Island Lighting Company (LILCO) bonds would have significantly more default risk than either Treasury securities or IBM bonds, and the risk of default would increase over time due to possible financial deterioration. In this example, the default risk premium was assumed to be 1. 0 percentage point on the one-year LILCO bonds and 2. 0 percentage points on the 20-year bonds. The 20-year return should equal 6. 3% + 2% = 8. 3%. ————- Problem 2-2: The following yield on U. S. Treasury securities were taken from The Wall Street Journal on January 7, 2004: Term Rate 6 months 1. 0% 1 year 1. 2% 2 year 1. 6% 3 year 2. 5% 4 year 2. 9% 5 year 3. 7% 10 year 4. 6% 20 year 5. 1% 30 year 5. 3% Plot a yield curve based on these data. Discuss how each term structure theory mentioned in the chapter can explain the shape of the yield curve you plot. Solution 2-2: 5. 35 5. 30 5. 25 Yield (%) 5. 20 5. 15 5. 10 5. 05 5. 00 4. 95 4. 90 4. 85 0 5 Yield Curve 10 15 20 Maturity (years) 25 30 ———— Department of Finance Jagannath University 6|Page Problem 2-3: Inflation currently is about 2 percent. Last year the Fed took actions to maintain inflation at this level. However, the economy is showing signs that it might be growing too quickly, and reports indicate that inflation is expected to increase during the next five year . Assume that at the beginning of 2005, the rate of inflation expected for the year is 4 percent; for 2006, it is expected to be 5 percent; for 2007, it is expected to be 7 percent; and, for 2008 and every year thereafter, it is expected to settle at 4 percent. a. What is the average expected inflation rate over the five year period 2005-2009? b. What average nominal interest would, over the five-year period, be expected to produce a 2 percent real risk-free rate of return on five-year Treasury securities? c. Assuming a real risk-free rate of 2 percent and a maturity risk premium that starts at 0. 1 percent and increases by 0. 1 percent each year, estimate the interest rate in January 2005on bond that mature in one, two, five, 10 and 20 years and draw a yield curve based on these data. d. Describe the general economic conditions that could be expected to produce an upward-sloping yield curve. . If the consensus among investors in early 2005 is that the expected rate of inflation for every future year is 5 percent ( = 5% for t = 1 to ? ), what do you think the yield curve would look like? Consider all the factors that are likely to affect the curve. Does your answer here make you question the yield curve you drew in part c? Solution 2-3: Requirement ‘a b’: Expected Annual Inflation Rate 4% 5% 7% 4% 4% 4% 4% Real Risk-free Rate (k*) 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% Average Expected Inflation Rate or Inflation Premium (IP) 1 = 4% 1 =4% 2 = (4%+5%) ? 2 = 4. 5% 3 = (9%+7%) ? 3 = 5. 33% 4 = (16%+4%) ? =5% 5 =(20%+4%) ? 5 = 4. 8% 10 =(24%+4%? 5) ? 10=4. 4% 20 =(44%+2%? 5) ? 20=4. 2% Bond Type 1st year bond 2nd year bond 3rd year bond 4th year bond 5th year bond 10th year bond 20th year bond Average Nominal Interest Rate = k* + IP 6% 6. 5% 7. 33% 7% 6. 8% 6. 4% 6. 2% Requirement ‘c’: Bond Type 1st year bond 2nd year bond 3rd year bond 4th year bond 5th year bond 10th year bond 20th year bond Department of Finance Maturity Risk Premium (MRP) 0. 1% 0. 1%+0. 1% =0. 2% 0. 2%+0. 1% =0. 3% 0. 3%+0. 1% =0. 4% 0. 5%+0. 1% =0. 5% 0. 5%+(0. 1%? 5) =1. 0% 1. 0%+( 0. 1%? 10) =2. 0% Jagannath University 7|Page And Bond Type 1st year bond 2nd year bond 5th year bond 10th year bond 20th year bond The Yield Curve: 9. 0 8. 0 7. 0 6. 0 5. 0 4. 0 3. 0 2. 0 1. 0 0. 0 0 2 4 + 6% + 0. 1% 6. 5% + 0. 2% 6. 8% + 0. 5% 6. 4% + 1. 0% 6. 2% + 2. 0% Estimated Interest Rate (k) 6. 1% 6. 7% 7. 3% 7. 4% 8. 2% Yield Curve Yield (%) 6 8 10 12 14 Years to Maturity 16 18 20 Requirement ‘d’: The ? normal? yield curve is upward sloping because, in ? normal? times, inflation is not expected to trend either up or down, so IP is the same for debt of all maturities, but the MRP increases with years, so the yield curve slopes up. During a recession, the yield curve typically slopes up especially steeply, because inflation and consequently short-term interest rates are currently low, yet people expect inflation and interest rates to rise as the economy comes out of the recession. Requirement ‘e’: If inflation rates are expected to be constant, then the expectations theory holds that the yield curve should be horizontal. However, in this event it is likely that maturity risk premiums would be applied to long-term bonds because of the greater risks of holding long-term rather than short-term bonds: Yield (%) Actual yield curve Maturity risk premium Pure expectations yield curve Years to Maturity Department of Finance Jagannath University 8|Page If maturity risk premiums were added to the yield curve in part e above, then the yield curve would be more nearly normal—that is, the long-term end of the curve would be raised. ————- Problem 2-4: Assume that the real risk-free rate of return, k*, is 3 percent, and it will remain at that level far into the future. Also assume that maturity risk premiums on Treasury Bonds increase from zero for bonds that mature in one year or less to a maximum of 2 percent, and MRP increases by 0. percent for each year to maturity that is greater than one year – that is, MRP equals 0. 2 percent for a two-year bond, 0. 4 percent for a three year bond, and so forth. Following are the expected inflation rates for the next five years: Year Inflation Rate (%) 2005 3 2006 5 2007 4 2008 8 2009 3 a. b. c. d. What is the average expected inflation r ate for a one, two, three, four and five year bond? What should be the MRP for a one, two, three, four and five year bond? Compute the interest rate for a one, two, three, four and five year bond? If inflation is expected to equal 2 percent every year after 2009, what should be the interest rate for a 10 and 20 year bond? e. Plot the yield curve for the interest rates you computed in parts c and d. Solution 2-4: Requirement ‘a’: Expected Annual Inflation Rate 3% 5% 4% 8% 3% 2% 2% Real Risk-free Rate (k*) 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% Average Expected Inflation Rate or Inflation Premium (IP) 1 = 3% 1 =3% 2 = (3%+5%) ? 2 = 4% 3 = (8%+4%) ? 3 = 4% 4 = (12%+8%) ? 4 =5% 5 =(20%+3%) ? 5 = 4. 6% 10 =(23%+2%? 5) ? 10=3. 3% 20 =(33%+2%? 5) ? 20=2. 65% Bond Type 1st year bond 2nd year bond 3rd year bond 4th year bond 5th year bond 10th year bond 20th year bond Requirement ‘b’: Average Nominal Interest Rate = k* + IP 6% 7% 7% 8% 7. 6% 6. 3% 5. 65% Bond Type 1st year bond 2nd year bond 3rd year bond 4th year bond 5th year bond 10th year bond 20th year bond Maturity Risk Premium (MRP) 0% 0%+0. 2% =0. 2% 0. 2%+0. 2% =0. 4% 0. 4%+0. 2% =0. 6% 0. 6%+0. 2% =0. 8% 0. 8%+(0. 2%? 5)=1. 8% 2% Department of Finance Jagannath University 9|Page Requirement ‘c d’: Bond Type 1st year bond 2nd year bond 3rd year bond 4th year bond 5th year bond 10th year bond 20th year bond 6% + 0% 7% + 0. 2% 7% + 0. 4% 8% + 0. 6% 7. 6% + 0. 8% 6. 3% + 1. 8% 5. 65% + 2% Interest Rate (k) 6% 7. 2% 7. 4% 8. 6% 8. 4% 8. 1% 7. 65% Requirement ‘e’: Yield Curve 9. 0 8. 5 Yield (%) 8. 0 7. 5 7. 0 6. 5 6. 0 5. 5 5. 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Years to Maturity ————Problem 2-5: Today’s edition o f The Wall Street Journal reports that the yield on Treasury bills maturing in 30 days is 3. 5 percent, the yield on Treasury bills maturing in 10 years is 6. 5 percent, and the yield on a bond issued by Nextel Communications that matures in six years is 7. 5 percent. Also, today the Federal Reserve announced that inflation is expected to be 2 percent during the next 12 months. There is a maturity risk premium (MRP) associated with all bonds with maturities equal to one year or more. a. Assume that the increase in the MRP each year is the same and the total MRP is the same for bonds with maturities equal to 10 years and greater that is, MRP is at its maximum for bonds with maturities equal to 10 years and greater. What is the MRP per year? b. What is default risk premium associated with Nextel’s bond? c. What is the real risk-free rate of return? Department of Finance Jagannath University 0 | P a g e Solution 2-5: Requirement ‘a’: Since MRP associated with all bonds with maturities equal to one year or more, so with Treasury bills maturing in 30 days, 0% MRP is associated, then k = k* + IP ? 3. 5% = k* + 2% ? k* = 3. 5% ? 2% ? k* = 1. 5% At the 10 year bond: k = k* + IP + MRP ? 6. 5% = 1. 5% + 2% + MRP ? MRP = 6. 5% ? 1. 5% ? 2% ? MRP = 3% As MRP at 10 year bond is 3%. So MRP per year is (3? 10) = 0. 3%. Requirement ‘b’: Since 30 days T-bond and 10 years T-bond fulfills the equations:- K = k* +IP +MRP, We have to calculate DRP from 6 years Nextel Bond: k = k* +IP +DRP +MRP ? 7. 5% = 1. 5% + 2% + DRP + (0. % ? 6) ? 7. 5% = 3. 5% + DRP + 1. 8% ? DRP = 7. 5% ? 3. 5% ? 1. 8% ? DRP = 2. 2% Requirement ‘c’: Now real risk-free rate of return k* = 3. 5% – IP = 3. 5% – 2. 0% = 1. 5% ————- Exam-Type Problems 2-6: According to The Wall Street Journal, the interest rate on one-year Treasury bonds is 2. 2 percent, The rate on two-year Treasury bonds is 3. 0 percent, and the rate on three-year Treasury bonds is 3. 6 percent. These bonds are considered risk free, so the rates given here are risk free rates ( ). The one-year bond matures one year from today, the two-year bond matures two year from today and so forth. How to cite Financial Environment and Interest Rate and Inflation, Papers

Looking At Child Abuse In Different Communities Social Work Essay Example

Looking At Child Abuse In Different Communities Social Work Essay Child maltreatment is an international traumatic issue. The injury of being abused physically, mentally, emotionally, or sexually as a kid can consequence an person for his or her hereafters. The effects of maltreatment are frequently extended in the mental, physical, and societal nature. Suicide, force, delinquency, drug and intoxicant maltreatment, and other signifiers of criminalism are besides child maltreatment related. Therefore, many states have set up a scheme to battle the issue. Community instruction is one of the kid maltreatment bar schemes to authorise persons including kids, communities and households to better protect kids from maltreatment and development ( Child wise 2009 ) . This paper will critically measure and analyze the kid maltreatment community instruction scheme in theory and pattern which was created by Child Wise, Australia s prima international kid protection charity working across Australia, Asia and the Pacific. It will concentrate on a community in the Northern Territory of Australia and the mark groups of the scheme are kids and households in the Tiwi Island community. However, the kid maltreatment issue is found all over the universe and the community instruction scheme which will be mentioned in this paper can certainly be applied to utilize as a basic pattern to every community in the universe where needed. The writer believes that the apprehension of community instruction scheme will pave a manner for farther betterment in pattern and finally better protection of kids from maltreatment. Understanding of the scheme s theoretical foundation We will write a custom essay sample on Looking At Child Abuse In Different Communities Social Work specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Looking At Child Abuse In Different Communities Social Work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Looking At Child Abuse In Different Communities Social Work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Harmonizing to Tomison and Wise ( 1999 ) , there are three theories that underpin the development of a holistic scheme to child maltreatment bar. First, ecological theory of child maltreatment causing, the rule of this scheme s theory is the interaction of hazard factors and protection. Thus, kids, households and communities need to understand that the possibility of kid maltreatment consequences from the combination and interaction of complex groups of factors ( National Research Council 1993 ) . Second, the acknowledgment of cardinal hazard and protective factors that influence kids, households and communities exposure to child ill-treatment. Resilience appears to be an of import protective factor which contributes to adaptive results ( Garmezy, 1993 ) . The three types of resiliency can each be of import in get the better ofing the odds, where positive results are achieved although hazard position is high, sustained competency under emphasis and kids display an ability to get by good and speedy recovery from injury, where kids function good after sing terrible injury ( Kirby A ; Fraser 1997 ) . Third, Winter ( 1999 ) points out that the acknowledgment of the importance of the local community can forestall child maltreatment by puting norms of appropriate rearing behavior, back uping parents who are under emphasis. Equally good as kids and immature people are taught norms and countenances sing acceptable societal behavior and are positively affected by the community s outlooks for kids. This is the rhythm of positive support and enhanced community life where persons and the wider societal group gain the wagess. The nexus between theories and patterns Child Wise adopted the theories of the kid maltreatment community instruction scheme to work in the Northern Territory communities. Over the past twelvemonth Child Wise facilitated a community instruction plan in the Tiwi Islands called Tayamangamiya which means regard yourself, your organic structure is sacred. The participants are all groups of people in communities ; kids, households, leader of community and working people in community. They designed a logo, T-shirts and a bag against kid maltreatment to advance this message on the island, and in peculiar to immature people about whom concerns were raised sing their exposure to sexual development every bit good as engagement in seminars which educate them about kid maltreatment. In relation to the above theoretical foundations, this plan was done by carry oning seminar and run, the plan directed at guaranting that people in communities learn more about kid maltreatment, are able to recognize cardinal hazard and protective factors of maltreatment, cognize how to react and speak to kids if they have concerns and help them to recognize that a strong community can protect kids from maltreatment ( Child wise 2009 ) . The scheme effectivity The scheme offers a scope of resources, and are complete bundles tailored to the demands of kid maltreatment bar ( Darlington et al, 2005, p.246 ) and it is most effectual when the instruction workers set up a trusting and empathic relationship with people in communities. In add-on, they assist communities to understand about the causes and effects of kid maltreatment, to construct and keep support services to child maltreatment bar and supply accomplishments of resiliency preparation ( Berry et al, 2003, p.19 ) . Another grounds of the scheme effectivity is that it focuses on persons, households and communities strengths and resiliency alternatively of their failings, reinforces bing protective factors to forestall the happening or reoccurrence of kid maltreatment. This is cardinal method to advance the developmental life accomplishments of all participants ( Centre for the Study of Social Policy, 2003, cited in FRIENDS, 2008 ) . However, this scheme would be more effectual if it combined with a scheme that specifically targets parents, such as place visiting or parent instruction plans ( Flannery et al, 2008, p.3 ) and plans that present chances for parental equal support have a positive impact on kids s cognitive results ( Layzer et al, 2001, cited in FRIENDS, 2008 ) . Ability to convey about alteration As stated at the beginning that the end of a kid maltreatment community instruction scheme is the better protection against kid maltreatment and development. It can be implied that the scheme conveying approximately better societal alteration both cognitive and active. First, people s cognition of kid maltreatment and consciousness of its incidence is increased. Second, people speak more respectfully to kids and to utilize non-physical agencies of training kids. Third, people value kids and esteem their rights and unity and protection from injury. Strategy s strengths Harmonizing to Holzer et Al ( 2006 ) , the most successful of schemes are comprised of a combination of kids, households and communities instruction schemes. The combination of intercessions of plans that included kids accomplishments preparation, perceptive retraining, kid development information, and good based services, are by and large more effectual than plans that merely concentrate on bettering kids content cognition. The purpose of scheme is strength every bit good that is to farther enhance kids, households and communities strengths and their application to all kid attention. The acceptance of the scheme in kid protection can take to a broader development in societal public assistance instead than an sole focal point on hazards and shortages ( DePanfilis A ; Wilson, 1996 cited in ) . DePanfilis and Wilson ( 1996 ) cited in Holzer et Al ( 2006 ) reference that in a figure of diverse contexts, a strengths-based position is preferred manner of pattern than others. This can be said that community instruction plans that adopted a strengths-based attack are more effectual than plans that conduct from a shortage position. A failing that may necessitate to be considered As a consequence of this integrating of community instruction scheme, many policy shapers and service suppliers seem to be satisfied about the advantages of these schemes. However, it is of import to maintain in head that the clear aim of many community plans is to construct an apprehension of kid maltreatment job and enhance kid protection instead than to cut down the prevalence of child ill-treatment ( Holzer et al, 2006 ) . It is extremely possible that in heightening kid protection, community instruction plans will cut down the prevalence of child ill-treatment. However, the schemes adopted do non peculiarly concentrate on the decrease of child ill-treatment. Therefore, this failing should be exercised when trying to deduce from the present findings to direct results refering the bar and decrease of kid ill-treatment, as this result can non be explicitly assumed. Appropriateness of scheme The community instruction scheme in this paper has two grounds for the rightness. First, cognition that is used to educate community is specific for protection in the kid abuse issue based on societal justness and human rights model related to kids. The theory building is believed to underpin the development of kids protection ( Matthew et al, 2003 ) . Second, the usage of an effectual community scheme which is associated with community credence is socially hearty and it is culturally appropriate. Furthermore, the scheme is widely accessible in the community. It is of import that barriers to accessing community instruction plans are reduced. Families from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds and households who are socially and economically disadvantaged are likely to mention themselves for this instruction. The Use of the cyberspace, CD-Rom based applications and media intercessions do non calculate big in this scheme, as all have the possible to increase the range of in tercessions to hard-to-access groups ( Matthew et al, 2003 ) . However, the cogency of the scheme would be greatly strengthened and more appropriate if betterments in kid operation were shown to be straight related to lessenings in dysfunctional parenting and additions in competent parenting variables specified by the scheme. As there is considerable grounds that learning parents positive parenting and consistent disciplinary accomplishments consequences in important betterments in kids s behavior, less coercive parenting, betterments in rearing satisfaction and efficaciousness, reduced parental depression and emphasis and lower degree of matrimonial struggle, peculiarly in parents with immature. Consideration to societal justness It is general that to turn to the household force and kid maltreatment issue, it requires concerted and supportive action between the province and district and federal degrees of authorities. It is duty for these sectors to do up the vital services, such as policing, justness and kid protection. Harmonizing to the Australia National Framework ( 2004 ) , it set up bar of kid maltreatment and household force as a national precedence which is based on the rules of ; foremost, safety where everyone has the right to be safe from household force and maltreatment. Second, partnerships where forestalling household force and kid maltreatment in households is best achieved by households, communities, community administrations and different degrees of authorities working together as spouses. Third, support where forestalling household force and kid maltreatment relies on strong leading from authoritiess and community leaders and sustainable resourcing. It is besides of import to see the strong and resilient households to forestall household force and kid maltreatment in the community as households enable people to take control of their lives, regain duty for their households and communities and to heighten single and household well-being and turn toing the cause. Successful schemes should be to forestall household force and kid maltreatment in the community by turn toing the causes of force and maltreatment, including intoxicant and drug maltreatment, generational disadvantage, poorness and unemployment. Consideration to human rights model To turn to kid abuse issue, it is necessary to see of human rights model as it is cardinal for kids to populate free from fright and force within the domestic circle ( Wilson, 2009 ) . Family or intimate maltreatment seems by and large regarded as a private matter, while human rights are deemed to be public issues. However, it is undeniable that intimate force opposes with legion human rights rules ( Levesque, 2001 ) . However, it is strongly evident that every individual civilization respects for the household s right to privateness, as a consequence, it is hard that the subject of the human rights of victims would take it up for public treatment. This absence can show the injury suffered by subsisters of intimate force. This injury has everything in common with the injury suffered in wars, businesss, civil perturbations, province anguish and maltreatment. Harmonizing to Wilson ( 2009 ) , article 19 of the Conventions of the Rights of the Child ( 1989 ) specifically deals with maltreatments perpetrated on kids by non-state histrions. In this Convention, the United Nations has recognised that household force is human rights maltreatment. It is good known that kid maltreatment causes long term and whole of life effects for subsisters and the particular to adult females are besides vulnerable to human rights maltreatment under assorted UN Conventions, to which many states are signatory including Australia. The human rights maltreatment of the kid can go on negative effects throughout the whole of a subsister s life. It is clip to take a firm stand on the legitimate topographic point in the human rights linguistic communication and civilization. Decision The kid maltreatment community instruction scheme that have mentioned underpins the development of kids protection from maltreatment in many communities in the Northern Territory in Australia. However, there are some failing that can be improved to acquire a better consequence of kid maltreatment protection and decrease. Hopefully, the analysis and rating mentioned in this paper would finally do positive development for the farther utilizing of this community instruction scheme based on societal justness and human rights model. The writer believes that human rights maltreatment is portion of our challenge to society s silencing of us.